读书是学习,摘抄是整理,写作是创造,下面是美丽的小编帮大伙儿找到的man等表示性别的名词语法知识(精彩4篇),仅供借鉴。
名词从句语法知识讲解 篇一
名词从句有两个关键词,名词和从句,这两个关键词是什么关系呢?是同位关系,也就是说:这个从句相当于一个名词,就是一个句子(从句)起到的语法作用和一个名词是一样的。
下面这个比方可能会加深我们对从句的理解:比如一个家庭有四个成员,父亲,母亲,儿子和女儿,儿子和女儿结婚后又组成了两个新的家庭,这两个新的家庭从属于原来的家庭。
由此我们知道一条关于名词从句的规则:把一个(带有谓语的)句子当成一个名词来看待,名词能作什么句子成分,这个句子就能作什么句子成分,下面我们逐步演绎一下。
举个例子:
I knew the boy. 我认识那个男孩。
I knew the boy was ill. 我知道那个男孩生病了。
假如第一句话是原来的家庭,家庭成员有主语I,谓语knew和宾语boy。第二句话中依然有主语I和谓语knew,但是宾语变成了一句话,也就相当于组建了一个新的家庭,这个家庭从属于之前的家庭。
第一句话中the boy 是一个名词,在句子中充当动词knew的宾语;第二句话中the boy was ill是一个句子,也充当动词knew的宾语,起到的语法作用和名词the boy是相同的,都是宾语,但the boy was ill是一个句子,因此不能说这个句子是宾语,而是宾语从句。
名词是人们给人或事物取的名字,归根结底是人或事物,我们可以认为就是事物。而句子则是一件具体的事情,我们可以理解为是发生的事件。这个事件的语法作用相当于一个事物,那么这个事件就相当于一个名词,这个事件就是从句。
那么名词可以在句子中充当什么成分呢?可以是主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等等,也就是说主语从句属于名词从句、宾语从句属于名词从句,表语从句也属于名词从句,依此类推。
名词从句可以从另一个角度来划分:由陈述句引出的名词从句和由疑问句引出的名词从句两种。我们知道疑问句有两种:一般疑问句和特殊疑问句,因此,由疑问句引出的名词从句也分为两种,由一般疑问句引出的名词从句和由特殊疑问句引出的名词从句两种。我们可以认为有三种名词从句:由陈述句引出的名词从句;由一般疑问句引出的名词从句和由特殊疑问句引出的名词从句。
上面说法显得挺乱的,简单理解就是陈述句变来的、一般疑问句变来的和特殊疑问句变来的三种。
一、由陈述句引出的名词从句
看下面的陈述句:
The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟有虫子吃。
上面是一个句子,是事件,我们假设这个句子是个事物,也就是名词,名词可以在句子中作主语,因此我们可以这样造一个新的句子:
That the early bird catches the worm should be obvious.
早起的鸟有虫子吃应该是显而易见的。
划线的部分是句子,我们把它当做一个名词,这时它是主语,谓语是should be, obvious是形容词充当表语。需要注意的是在句子前面加了一个连词that,当主语从句位于句首时that不可以省略。
这种主语从句我们一般避免上面这种表达方式,而是用it作形式主语,真正的主语后移:
It is obvious (that) the early bird catches the worm.
这时候可以省略连词that。
我们同样可以让这个句子作宾语:
Everyone knows (that) the early bird catches the worm.
每个人都知道早起的鸟有虫子吃。
划线的部分是句子,我们把它当做一个名词,这时它是宾语,谓语是knows, everyone是代词作主语。连词that引导宾语从句的时候可以省略。
二、由一般疑问句引出的名词从句
下面是一个一般疑问句:
Has he changed his mind?
他改变想法了吗?
疑问句同样是一件事情,我们也可以认为它是一个名词,名词可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语等等:
1、作主语
Whether he has changed his mind (or not) doesn’t matter.
他是否改变想法已经不重要了。
上面划线的部分就是由一般疑问句变成的主语从句,我们可以认为这个主语从句就是主语,也就是它相当于一个名词。需要注意的是两点:第一,要用连接词if或whether来引导,第二,语序由疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。注意:连接词用于句首时不能用if。
2、作表语
The question is whether he has changed his mind.
问题是他是否改变想法了。
question是主语,is是系动词,划线的句子是表语(从句),相当于一个名词。注意:作表语时不能用if。
3、作动词宾语
I want to know whether/if he has changed his mind (or not).
我想知道他是否改变了想法。
注意:作动词宾语时可以用if。
4、作介词宾语
I’m concerned about whether he has changed his mind (or not).
我很关心他是否改变想法了。
注意:作介词宾语时不能用if。
需要总体说明的是:如果对于从属连词是用whether还是用if没有把握的时候,用whether总是保险的。…or not用不用皆可,特别是与whether连用时。
三、由特殊疑问句引出的名词从句
下面是一个特殊疑问句:
When did he go home?
他什么时候回的家?
1、作主语:
When he went home is a mystery.
他什么时候回的家是个谜。
2、作表语:
The question is when he went home.
问题是他什么时候回的家。
3、作动词宾语:
I wonder when he went home.
我想知道他什么时候回的家。
4、作介词宾语:
I’m interested in when he went home.
我对他什么时候回的家这件事很感兴趣。
从上面的例子可以得出以下结论:特殊疑问词作为从句的连词,比如who/whom, what, which, when, where, why, how等放在句首,疑问句语序要变成陈述句语序。
总体说明:
1、名词从句就是把一个句子当成一个名词来看,名词能在句中作什么成分就是什么从句,比如名词能作主语,那么主语从句就属于名词从句;名词能作宾语,宾语从句也属于名词从句等等。
2、从句和主句的连接必须要有连词,当然有时可以省略。由陈述句变来的名词从句的连接词是that;由一般疑问句变来的名词从句的连接词是if或whether;由特殊疑问句变来的名词从句的连接词是特殊疑问词,注意,这时特殊疑问词也是连词,虽然它们外表是一样的。
3、名词从句的语序一定要用陈述句语序。
公众号:英语语法教程
四级英语语法名词用法详解46:基础语法知识介绍·名词 篇二
一、定义与分类
名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据名词的词汇意义,通常可将其分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示人、地方、组织、机构等的专有名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写;普通名词表示人、物、概念等的一般名称。普通名词根据其语法性质可分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。
二、名词复数的构成方法
1. 在一般情况下,加词尾 –s;而以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 –es。如:
desk / desks 课桌 class / classes 班,课
box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子
注:stomach / stomachs(胃)是例外。
2. 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s;以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:
family / families 家 key / keys 钥匙
thief / thieves 贼 wolf / wolves 狼
注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。
3. 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加-es,有些加-s或-es均可:
kilo / kilos 公斤 hero / heroes 英雄 zero / zero(e)s 零
注:在中学英语范围内,加词尾-es 的主要有以下4个:tomato(西红柿),potato(土豆),hero(英雄),negro(黑人)。
三、单数与复数同形的名词
sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼
deer 鹿 chinese 中国人
japanese 日本人 portuguese 葡萄牙人
swiss 瑞士人 aircraft 飞行器
means 方法 series 系列
head (牛等的)头数 works 工厂
注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其是表示种类时;head 若不是表示牲口的“头数”,而是表示“人的头”或“人数”,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。
四、不规则的复数名词
man / men 男人 woman / women 女人
child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿
foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅
mouse / mice 老鼠 ox / oxen 公牛
五、名词的可数性
名词根据其可数性可分为可数名词和不可数名词。这两类名词的主要特点如下:
1. 可数名词的用法特点:可以有复数形式;可直接在其前使用不定冠词或数词;可受 these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等修饰。如:
there are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五间房。
there were many things to be done. 有很多事情要做。
a large number of students are asians. 很多学生是亚洲人。
2. 不可数名词的用法特点:通常没有复数形式;其前不可直接用不定冠词或数词;可用(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any 等修饰;要表示数量不可在前面直接加数词,而要用 a piece of 之类的结构。如:
knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
they haven't much furniture. 他们没有多少家具。
he lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。
六、不可数名词与可数名词的转化
有的不可数名词在某些特殊情况下可转化为可数名词,如:
1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。如:
it was a special tea. 这是一种特别的茶。
she brought us three coffees. 她给我们端来三杯咖啡。
2. 有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时,可用作可数名词。如:
the party was a great success. 晚会非常成功。
3. 有些由动词思转化来的名词,表示“一场 / 阵 / 件…”时,可受不定不定冠词的修饰(此时通常有形容词或 of 短语修饰)。如:
a heavy snow was falling. 下着一场大雪。
i’d better go and have a wash now. 我还是现在去洗个澡。
七、名词的所有格
名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。
1. -’s所有格的构成方法为:对于单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词,直接在其后加 -’s构成;对于带词尾-s的复数名词只加省字撇(’)。如:
jim’s parents 吉姆的父母 men’s club男子俱乐部
the teachers’ office 教师办公室
注:用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s:
jack’s and mike’s rooms 杰克和迈克(各自)的房间
jack and mike’s room杰克和迈克(共同)的房间
2. -’s所有格的用法:-’s 所有格通常用于有生命者,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,如用于表时间或距离的名词后,用于表示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词后等。如:
where’re today’s papers? 今天的报纸在哪里?
what’s your government’s policy? 你们政府的政策是什么?
it is the country’s biggest city. 它是这个国家最大的城市。
3. of 所有格即指在名词后使用 of 短语来表示所有关系,它既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。如:
we all like the son of mr green. 我们都喜欢格林先生的儿子。
i’ll never forget the beauty of the lake. 我永远不会忘记那座湖的美丽。
注:of 所有格有时可以与-’s 所有格互换。如:
that man’s name is interesting. = the name of that man is very interesting. 那个人的名字很有趣。
4. 双重所有格。双重所有格就是指同时既使用 -’s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。如:
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友
a photo of mr smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片
注:被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感****彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等)。如:
that little daughter of your cousin’s is really lovely. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(表赞赏)
that daughter of your cousin’s is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)
另外,有时是否使用双重所有格会导致意义的变化。比较:
a photo of mr smith’s 史密斯先生收藏的一张照片
a photo of mr smith 史密斯先生照的一张照片
●专项训练●
1. the commander said that two________ would be sent to the iraqi front the next day.
a. women’s doctor b. women doctors
c. women’s doctors d. women doctor
2. “look! the police ________ here to keep order! go away quickly,” one of them shouted.
a. is coming b. comes
c. are coming d. has come
3. she could not speak english, but made her wishes known by means of _____.
a. signs b. sighs c. movements d. words
4. in my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesn’t make any _____.
a. idea b. meaning c. sense d. point
5. shelly had prepared carefully for her english examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _____.
a. intention b. attempt c. purpose d. desire
6. ________ food is kept in his new cave, but at last saddam was still arrested.
a. large quantities of b. a great deal of
c. a large number of d. quite a few
7. –– let’s try operating the machine right now.
–– wait. better read the _____first.
a. instructions b. explanations
c. information d. introduction
8.the rest of the magazines________ within half an hour.
a. is sold out b. was sold out
c. were sold out d. are sold out
9. you’d have more _____of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.
a. opportunity b. chance c. time d. energy
10.the number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses________ much if people leave things________ they are.
a. doesn’t change; as b. aren’t changed; like
c. don’t change; like d. don’t change; as
11. i knew i shouldn’t accept anything from such a person, but i found it difficult to turn down his _____.
a. offer b. suggestion c. request d. plan
12.________it is to gather with president bush at such a special thanksgiving day in iraq!
a. what a fun b. what fun c. how fun d. what joy
13. oh., john________ you gave us!
a. how a great surprise b. how pleasant surprise
c. what a pleasant surprise d. what pleasant surprise
14 he is________ as a leader but he hasn’t________ in teaching.
a. success; many experiences b. a success; much experience
c. great success; an experience d. a great success; a lot of experiences
15 —who did you spend last weekend with?
—________.
a. palmer’s b. the palmers’
c. the palmers d. the palmer’s
●参考答案●
1. b。复合名词的复数中含有构词成分man / woman时,将变为men / women, 且所修饰的名词也要变成复数。
2. c。特殊类群体名词police / cattle做主语时,谓语动词用复数。警察个体用policeman / policewoman;牛的个体用 a head of cattle。
3. a。signs指“手势”,还可用our expressions和gesture等body movements来表达思想。sigh意为“叹息”,words与前半句矛盾。
4. c。make sense是习语,意为“有道理”、“意义清楚” 。
5. b。比较:attempt=尝试,企图;intention=意图;purpose=目的;desire=欲望。
6. b。记住:a large / great / good quantity / amount of +复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;large / great / good quantities / amounts of +复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用复数。
7. a。instructions说明书(常用复数),explanation解释、说明。
8. c。most of / half of / part of / part of +名作主语,谓语与of后面的名词保持一致。本题中magazines是可数名词复数,故谓语动词用复数。
9. b。表示“机会”时,opportunity和chance两者均可;但表示“可能性”时,只能用chance。
10. a。the number of + 名词复数,谓语常用单数;a. number of + 名词复数,谓语常用复数。
11. a。表示主动提供的东西,用offer。
12. b。抽象名词表泛指时一般不与冠词连用。
13. c。抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时,前面用不定冠词,使之具体化;如:a. happy life / a good education in that university / a wide knowledge of nature
14. b。表具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情緒的人和事;如:she is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.(成功者、失败者)
15. c。表示palmer一家人,指一家人时常用the +姓氏的复数。
man等表示性别的名词语法知识 篇三
关于man等表示性别的名词语法知识
man通指一切人:
①man (前无冠词,只用单数)通指 human beings
②a man 指 a person, either male or female
③men 指 persons, either male or female
(尽管通指一切人,但代词都用he和his)。
如:
Man is mortal. 人总是会死的。
All men must die. 人总是会死的。
Though death befalls all men alike, it may be weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛。
A man can do no more than he can.
人做事须量力而行。
实际应用中,很多英语名词,除了必须指出性别的`场合以外,都用中性形式来表示两性。如:
the author of the book 也可以指女作者(authoress)
She is an eminent poet.
她是位卓越的诗人(这里如用poetess反而显得不自然,而且往往带有贬义)。
He brought down the fierce tiger with a single shot.
他一枪撂倒那只凶猛的老虎(这里tiger也可以指雌虎)。
人做事须量力而行。
A. A man can do no more than he can.
B. A man can do no more than they can.
C. Man can do no more than they can.
D. Mans can do no more than he can.
factory. 但, 表示时间, 距离, 重量, 国家, 城市, 地点等无生命的名词也可用’s形式来表示其所有关系(人教版高三英语下册教学论文 篇四
factory. 但, 表示时间, 距离, 重量, 国家, 城市, 地点等无生命的名词也可用’s形式来表示其所有关系, 如: three days’ sick leave, half an hour’s walk, today’s newspaper, a ton’s weight, China’s agriculture, Shanghai’s industry.
3.指有生命的名词也可以用of词组表示所有格, 常用于以下情况之下:
①.名词较长时, 如: the story of doctor Bethune, the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin
②.名词的定语较长, 如: the son of the man who you just talked to, the name of the boy standing there
4. of +名词的’s所有格形式或名词性物主代词称为双重所有格。 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词, 数词,不定代词或指示代词(如a, two, some, any, such, no, a few, this, that, these, those等)时, 常用双重所有格表示所属关系, 如: a friend of my father’s =one of my father’s friends, two brothers of his, some inventions of Edison’s, these poems of Li Bai’s, a few classmates of Xiao Ming’s, any friend of Tom’s, some houses of my grandfather’s.
关于双重所有格还需注意以下几点:
①.在双重所有格中, of前面的名词不和the连用, 如不能说: the new dress of Susan’s. 但若有定语从句在后, 则可以用the, 如可以说: the friends of my father’s who is going abroad
②.在双重所有格中, 作of宾语的名词必须是人, 而且是特指
第二章:代 词
英语代词分为以下八类: 人称代词, 物主代词, 反身代词, 指示代词, 不定代词, 疑问代词, 连接代词, 关系代词。 本章只说明前五类代词的用法, 后三类代词的用法在其他章节说明
人称代词
一。人称代词的形式: 人称代词有人称, 数和格的变化
我 我们 你/你们 他 她 它 他们/她们/它们
主格 I we you he she it they
宾格 me us you him her it them
二。人称代词的用法:
1.主格的用法: 作主语, 表语
a. He often helps me with my English.
b. It is he who often helps me with my English.
2.宾格的用法: 作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
a. Mr. Li teaches us English.
b. We often go and see her on Sundays.
c. You are really above me in maths.
d. Father bought a new bike for him.
3.关于人称代词用法需注意的问题:
①.在than / as引导的比较状语从句中常有省略, 注意其中的人称代词作主语用主格, 作宾语用宾格。 在这类从句中, 在不引起误解的情况下, 有时用宾格代词代替主格代词
a. He likes Mary better than I ( like Mary ).他比我更喜欢玛丽
b. He likes Mary better than ( he likes ) me他喜欢我,更喜欢玛丽
c. He is taller than I / me.
②.在强调句中, 若被强调的部分是代词, 则其格不变, 如:
a. It was I who first opened the door this morning.
b. It was me whom they talked about.
③.人称代词单独使用或是在not之后, 常用宾格
a. “ I like English. ” “ Me too.”
b. “ Would you like more wine ?” “ Not me.”
④.在同位语中, 人称代词的格视与之同位的词在句中的成分而定, 如:
a. We, Tom and I, showed her many wonderful pictures.
b. She showed us, Tom and me, many wonderful pictures.
⑤.人称代词在代替一些不定代词, 如: anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever及person等这些无明确对象的代词或名词时, 在正式场合用he / his / him代替, 在非正式场合用they / them / their代替, 如:
a. Nobody came, did he/they ?
b. Whoever comes, tell him / them the news.
⑥.在be或to be之后的人称代词的格应根据它所指代的名词或代词在句中的成分而定
a. I thought it was she. / I thought it to be her.
b. I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。 / They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她
⑦.在口语中常用宾格代词作表语
a. “ Who is that ? ” “ It is me. ”
⑧.they可指“有关的人” “人们”, 相当于people, 如:
a. They say the fire broke out at midnight. = People say the fire broke out at midnight. / It is said that the fire broke out at midnight.
⑨.三个人称代词同时出现时, 其顺序一般是: 你, 他/她, 我; 我们, 你们, 他们
a. You, he and I all enjoy music.
物主代词
表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词
一。物主代词的形式: 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种
我的 我们的 你的/你们的 他的 她的 它的 他们的/她们的/它们的
形容词性物主代词 my our your his her its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours his hers --- theirs
二。物主代词的用法:
1.形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词, 作定语, 如: our work, her students, their house
2.名词性物主代词相当于一个名词, 作主语, 表语, 宾语
a. His brother is a driver; mine is a worker.
b. These books are mine.
c. You can use my bike and I may use hers.
3. “of +名词性物主代词”可构成双重所有格, 如:
a. Wang Ling is a friend of mine.
b. This baby of hers is so lovely.
4.物主代词用法应注意的问题:
①.动名词的逻辑主语如果位于句首, 则多用物主代词, 如:
a. His coming late made everyone angry.
②.在介词后, 表示身体某部位或身上某位置的名词前, 用the而不用物主代词, 如:
a. I’ve hurt him in the finger.
b. He hit me on the back.
c. He caught me by the hair.
d. The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住了我的衣袖。
反身代词
一。反身代词的形式: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
二。反身代词的用法:
1.作宾语:
a. He taught himself English.
b. He is old enough to look after himself.
2.在句中作名词或代词的同位语, 以加强名词或代词的语气, 一般表示 “亲自” “本人”
a. I myself did the work.
b. You had better ask Tom himself.
指示代词
一。指示代词的形式: this, that, these, those, it, such, same
二。指示代词的用法:
1.this / these常指时间, 空间或心理上较近的人或物, that / those常指时间, 空间或心理上较远的人或物
2.this / these常指后面要提到的事物, 有启下的作用; 而that / those常指前面讲到过的事物, 有承上的作用
a. What I want to tell you is this: The meeting is put off until Friday.
b. He had a bad cold. That is why he didn’t attend the meeting.
3.that / those还可用来代替上文出现过的名词。作此用法时, 它们的用法及与one / ones的对比见下表
代替什么词 替换成... 定语问题
one [C]单数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语
ones [C]复数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语
that [C]单数或[U] the + 某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语
those [C]复数 the + 某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语
a. The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that ( = the weather ) in Shanghai.
b. The population of China is a quarter of that ( = the population ) of the world.
c. The students in class one work harder than those ( = the students ) in class two.
d. The question is an easy one.
e. Which pencils do you want ? The red ones.
f. He has a new coat and several old ones.
g. I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one.
4.such的用法
①.such代替或修饰可数与不可数名词都可
a. He is such a man.
b. I don’t like such words.
c. Such is our plan.
②.such应位于no, one, another, some, many, all等词之后
a. One such grammar book is enough.
③.such + a(n) + adj. + n结构等同于so + adj. + a(n) + n, 如:
a. It is such a good chance. =It is so good a chance.
④.如果名词为[U], 则只能用such而不能用so, 如:
a. He has made such great progress.
b. It was such good weather.
⑤.如果名词被many / much / little / few四个词修饰, 则要用so而不用such, 如:
a. He has made so much progress.
5.the same的用法: the same =同样(的), 可以作定语, 表语, 主语和宾语
a. They left for Beijing on the same day.
b. He will go to swim and I’ll do the same.
c. Whether he will come or not, it is all the same to me.
6.it的用法:
①.it指前面己经提到的人或事物
②.模糊it: it指时间, 季节, 气候, 距离, 情况等
a. It is time for the meeting.
b. It is Saturday today.
c. It is fine today.
d. It often rains in summer and it often snows in winter in this city.
e. It is five kilometer from home to the school.
f. It is well with you ? 你身体好吗?
③.it作形式主语: it作形式主语时, 真正的主语可以是动词不定式, 动名词或由that引导的主语从句。当句中的这些真正主语用词较多时, 常用it作形式主语, 而把真正的主语移到后面
a. It is a good habit to do morning exercise.
b. It is no use learning without thinking.
c. It is pity that you didn’t see such a good film.
④.it作形式宾语: it作形式宾语时, 真正的宾语可以是不定式, 动名词或that引导的宾语从句。 当宾语之后有宾补, 而作宾语的不定式或宾语从句用词较多时, 常用it作形式宾语, 而把真正的宾语移到后面
a. I find it easy to learn English well if in the right way.
b. I consider it wrong that you stand too close to an Englishman.
c. They want to make it clear that they are doing an important and necessary job.
⑤.it用于强调句型: It + is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who + 其他
a. Professor Wang teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(一般陈述句)
b. It is Professor Wang that / who teaches us English every Monday afternoon.(强调句)
c. It is us that / who Professor Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.(强调句)
d. It is English that Professor Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.(强调句)
e. It is every Monday afternoon that Professor teaches us English.(强调句)
不定代词
一。不定代词的形式: some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, neither, other, another及some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词
二。不定代词的使用:
1.不定代词的使用要注意以下几个方面
①.不定代词作主语时, 要明确其究竟是单数还是复数, 如: both是复数, either / neither是单数, all则根据情况可作单数或复数
a. Both of them are students.
b. All were present at the meeting.
c. All goes well.
②.不定代词作定语时, 要明确其修饰可数与不可数的问题, 如: many / few修饰可数名词; much / little修饰不可数名词; some / any既修饰可数也修饰不可数
③.all / both / each / everybody / everything等含有“全部”或“每个”意义的词与否定词not连用时, 通常表示部分否定。 全部否定时通常采用否定代词none, no one, nobody, neither, nothing等
a. Not all ants go out for food. = All ants don’t go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁出去找食物
b. None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
2.some / any的用法:
①.some常用于肯定句中。 some在下列情况下也用于疑问句: 表示请求或邀请; 期待肯定回答,或认为对方肯定回答的可能性很大时; 表建议时
a. Could you lent me some money?
b. Will you have some milk?
c. Are you waiting for some friends?
d. Would you lend me some books please ?
②.any常用于疑问句和否定句中; any用于肯定句中表示 “任何”; 与一些否定含义的词如: hardly, never, not, without等连用多用any
a. I don’t have any ink.
b. Do you have any ink?
c. You can come and see me at any time.
d. Any student can solve the problem.
3.no / none / no one的用法:
①.no =not any, 通常用作定语, 修饰可数或不可数
a. There is no milk in the glass.
b. He has no brother.
②.none代替可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数或复数都可(参看“主谓一致”); none代替不可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数
a. None of the stories are / is interesting.
③. no one只泛指人, 不与of连用; none指人, 事, 物皆可, 可与of连用
4.many / much的用法: many用来修饰或代替可数名词; much用来修饰或代替不可数名词
a. Many students, many of the students.
b. Much has been done. / He has much to do. / He has much work to do.
5.few / little, a few / a little的用法: ( a ) few修饰或代替可数名词; ( a ) little修饰或代替不可数名词
a. Few of them are good at skating.
b. I met a few of my friends at the party.
c. There is still a little milk in the bottle.
d. Little remains to be said.
6.each / every的用法:
①.each指 “每个”的个别的情况, 相当于汉语的 “各个”
②.every虽有“每个”的意思, 但常从整体出发, 强调共同性, 相当于“每个都”
a. Every one of us has strong and weak points.(强调所有人都…)
b. Each of us has strong and weak points.(强调每个都…)
③.主语中有each / every, 构成反意问句时, 多用复数变化。, 如:
a. Every student like the film, don’t they ?
b. Each of us takes part in the activity, don’t we ?
④.every可以和not连用, each不可以
a. Not every worker can do it.
7.one的用法:
①.表示“一个”, 如: one hour, one man
②.泛指不确定的人, 可译为“人们” “一个人”, 表此意时, 它的所有格是one’s, 反身代词是oneself
a. One should be strict with oneself.
b. One should serve his country wholeheartedly.
③.one / ones代替上文出现过的可数名词, 以避免重复
a. He has a washer. I want to buy one too.
b. Which shirt do you like? I like the red one.
8.all 的用法: 作主语时, 谓语动词根据情况采取单数或复数; 作定语时,修饰[ U/C]
a. All are here.大家都到了
b. All is going on well.
9.both表示“两者都”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 作定语时, 修饰复数名词
10.either 表示“两者之中任何一个”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词
a. Here are two pens. You may use either of them.
b. There are shops on either side of the street.
c. Either of them is going there.
表示“两者都不”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词
a. Neither is right.
b. Neither film is interesting.
的用法: the other表示两者中的另外一个; the others =the other +复数名词, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +复数名词, 表示 “别的人或事物”
a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.
b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake.
13.another 指不定数目中的另外一个; another +复数名词表示“再一些, 又一些”
a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another.
b. I want to have another cup of coffee.
c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes.
14.复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one构成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 带some的不定代词一般用于肯定句, 带any的不定代词一般用于否定句及疑问句中, 它们的用法与some / any的用法相似
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